Report on Eastern Nepal earthquake 21 August 1988 : damages and recommendations for repairs and reconstruction.

The kingdom of Nepal is a landlocked country sandwiched between China in the north and India on other three sides and is situated in an active seismic zone. The western part of the country has experienced earthquakes more frequently than those of eastern parts. Records indicate that many earthquakes have taken place in the past too with varying consequences. In the early hours of 21 August 1988 an earthquake of moderate intensity shook the central and eastern part of the country affecting about 33 districts with considerable loss of life and property. This report contains a brief description of various observed damages to structures, mechanism of failure, causes of damages including various types of prevalent construction practices. Recommendations have been provided for repairs and strengthening works and also for new constructions using adobe, stone or brick masonry. It is hoped that it will prove to be useful